Community Participation In Planning Research Articles

An Americas story: hemispheric perspectives on postwar urban renewal

ABSTRACT It is commonly assumed that urban renewal in the United States following World War II was a home-grown solution applied to cities suffering from the departure of residents, retail, and capital investment as a result of suburbanization led by the White middle class. This essay argues that influences from abroad, particularly from Latin America, were also crucial to how urban renewal evolved over time from the late 1940s into the 1970s. Simultaneously, U.S.-American strategies of urban planning helped shape Latin American cities. The essay focuses on a prominent urban redeveloper of the era, Edward J. Logue, and the circle of like-minded planners with whom he interacted over his long career. As a result of their involvements in the developing world, similar modernist planning schemes and architectural structures appeared on both sides of the U.S. border, until pushback from communities during the 1960s challenged the lack of attention to local cultures and materials and to community participation in planning. Attacks on modernization theory, not least by the dependency theory popularized by Latin Americans, undermined the hegemony of universalistic modernist schemes for a time, until neoliberalism facilitated a resurgence of less regulated and restrained private interests.

Cultivating participatory approaches in health promotion planning, delivery, and evaluation: A case study of an academic-health service partnership in rural Victoria.

Community participation in planning, delivery, and evaluation of health promotion (HP) programs is a poorly explored topic. However, this approach has the potential to improve health outcomes and reduce health inequities, particularly for residents of rural and remote areas. This case study describes the outputs of an academic-health service partnership in rural Victoria. The collaboration has led to the implementation and ongoing evaluation of a microgrant program for HP which integrates community participation principles in the foundations of the program and its evaluation. To date, 10 funded projects have been brought to completion, with COVID-19 having disturbed both grant distribution and funded activity implementation. Semi-structured interviews with health service officers served to clarify conceptualisation and operationalization of HP principles. Focus groups with health service management and officers contributed to building an overarching evaluation framework for the HP team's activities. Finally, the specific methodological evaluation framework for the microgrant program was developed through a collaborative workshop with the HP team and grantees. Fostering community participation in HP planning, delivery, and evaluation, especially in rural areas, is feasible as evidenced by the experience described in this case study. The forthcoming evaluation results will help clarify the impact of community participation on health-related outcomes. SO WHAT?: Documentation and dissemination of processes used to increase community participation in HP programs is essential to grow the knowledge base around what works and what doesn't, and for whom.

Strategi Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dalam Meningkatkan Partisipasi dalam Pembangunan Desa Payakameng

Community service in village development aims to strengthen community participation in planning, budgeting, and evaluating the results of village development in a more participatory manner. This study used a participatory and qualitative approach with data collection techniques through focus group discussions, interviews, and field observations. This service is focused on training and skills provision for community members in planning, budgeting and evaluating village development programs. The results of the service show that through training and skills provision, community members are able to increase their participation in planning, budgeting and evaluating village development results. In addition, community service also encourages the creation of synergies between the village government and the community in strengthening community participation in more inclusive and sustainable village development. Thus, community service can be one of the solutions to strengthen community participation in more participatory and sustainable village development.

Planning and financing of RMNCH+A under National Health Mission: A case study of the Gurugram District of Haryana State.

The Health Planning Process under National Health Mission (NHM) is participatory in nature and the State Programme Implementation Plan (PIP) is an aggregation of District PIPs which is examined and approved by the National Programme Coordination Committee (NPCC), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Many times there are delays in releasing of Record of Proceedings (ROPs)/approvals. This affects utilisation of NHM funds at district level and below and desired outcomes are not achieved. The present study aims to analyse the process of fund flow, disbursement and utilisation of funds on various components under Reproductive Maternal New born Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) in the district Gurugram. The study was conducted in the District Gurugram of Haryana State, India. One Community Health Centres (CHCs), two Primary Health Centres (PHCs) and four Sub Health Centres were randomly selected. Primary and secondary data were collected in the study. Medical Officer (I/C), Accounts Staff and Health Workers were interviewed using separate schedules regarding process of disbursement, delays in release and utilisation of funds. Separate checklists were prepared to collect data on availability and utilisation of funds at District, CHC and PHC levels under different components of programme. Study found that PIP is prepared with inputs from Block level but community participation at (PHC) and below was not present. There was a delay in reaching funds to district due to delayed release of ROPs. Almost 30%-40% of the budget could not be utilised due to delay in receiving of budget. Utilisation of funds was less in some programme activities due to vacant positions project staff. Only 38% and 31% of the funds were utilised under the child health and family planning budget head for the district of Gurugram in the year 2016-17. Accounts staffs were overburdened which affected monitoring of funds utilisation. Budget release from State to District and below was through e-Banking. Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) at Sub centre used to get Untied Funds at the end of third quarter. The Government introduced new 18 broad budget heads in NHM Budget for improving utilisation of budget. Delayed release of ROPs and erroneous estimation of budget under the programme, very rigid and large number of budget heads poses challenges of understanding and analysing expenditure and affects utilisation of funds under the NHM. Moreover, vacant positions in the programme, unrealistic planning, weak community participation in planning of expenditure and unexplained budget cut in ROPs were main challenges faced by the District.

Determinants of household waste disposal practices and implications for practical community interventions: lessons from Lilongwe

Open waste disposal has a negative effect on local ecology, economy, and public health. Understanding factors influencing waste disposal decisions is necessary for developing solutions to curb open waste disposal. This paper discusses the associations between household’s social demographic and spatial characteristics with preference for domestic waste disposal. The paper also utilizes this knowledge practical community action. This was achieved by gathering and examining a novel dataset of the waste disposal patterns of 200 randomly chosen households in Malawi. We observed that households were likely to dispose of their waste openly when the residential unit was closer to an existing open waste disposal site. A multinomial logistic regression model showed that the likelihood of choosing waste disposal methods, such as private garbage collection services, is higher when the household head is a woman, the housing unit is owned by the occupants, or in situations where a fence is present around the housing unit. We presented these findings to the neighborhood community development committee. A short-term community waste management plan was created using a participatory community planning approach. The plan included co-designing waste disposal solutions with landlords, setting up community waste bylaws, and intensifying civic education activities. In conclusion, our study provides insights into the factors that influence households’ disposal behavior. This unique case study highlights a potential approach for developing waste management policies using a bottom-up approach.

Community Participation in the Expansion Planning of Majonofmigi Village in the Mayamuk District, Sorong Regency

This study aims to determine the extent of community participation in planning the expansion of Majonofmigi Village with the government to divide Majonofmigi Village into a definitive village so that all management of Majonofmigi Village no longer depends on Yeflio's parent village. the fields of Development (devlotment), Social Culture, Economics, and Politics. What is also expected by the government in this case is to accelerate the division of villages so that in the future there will be collaboration between the Sorong Regency Government, the Province and the central government to be more synergistic for a prosperous and prosperous Indonesia

Participatory Project Cycle Management and Performance of Donor Funded Projects in Mandera County, Kenya

The performance of donor funded projects in the global arena has been linked by previous studies to participatory project cycle management. According to report by senate county public accounts and investment committee report of 2019, 60% donor funded projects in Mandera County did not perform as expected and did not achieve their objectives. The study's particular goals were to evaluate the impact of participatory identification of the project, planning, implementation and monitoring and assessment on performance of projects in Mandera County supported by donations. The research was directed by community action planning theory, Freire’s theory, Arnstein’s Ladder of citizen participation and theory of change.The research was done using a descriptive research approach.. The study's intended audience was 84 donor funded projects in Mandera County. The size of the sample for the study was 16 donor funded projects representing 20% of the total sample size. The selection process used stratified random sampling. 16 project coordinators from the sampled donor funded projects and 344 household heads the households benefiting based on the chosen donor-funded programs in Mandera County. Questionnaires for household heads and interview schedules for the project coordinators were used as the primary data collection instruments. The acquired data was cleaned, coded, and put into the SPSS version 21 statistical package for social sciences. The study discovered that participation of key stakeholders in project identification, planning, implementation and monitoring and evaluation have a significant influence on performance of donor funded projects in Mandera County. The study recommends that organizations executing projects in Mandera County should encourage participation of the community Due to their major impact on the success of initiatives sponsored by donors, they are taken into account in project planning, monitoring, and assessment.. Further studies should be conducted to assess the determinants of low community participation in planning and monitoring and evaluation. The current study only sampled household heads and ignored other stakeholders. Therefore future studies should replicate the current study but widen the scope of the sampled respondents to include other stakeholders. Keywords: Participatory Project, Cycle Management, Donor Funded Projects, Projects Performance, Project Monitoring.

Community engagement in pastoralist areas: Lessons from the public dialogue process for a new refugee settlement in Turkana, Kenya

Large-scale development interventions have long failed to accommodate the needs and preferences of pastoralists or the systems of resource governance and land tenure upon which they rely. However, advocates of rights-based approaches to development emphasise the importance of community participation in planning and agenda-setting, and in Kenya, public participation is a formal constitutional requirement for government decision-making processes. In 2015, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees concluded negotiations with local stakeholders about the use of 15 km2 of communal rangelands to build a new refugee settlement in Turkana County, Kenya. Negotiations entailed a community dialogue process involving local people living in the vicinity of the proposed settlement. This paper retrospectively examines the inclusivity of the dialogue process, with particular attention to the involvement of pastoralists and the representation of their interests. Interviews and focus groups conducted with a range of key informants and community stakeholders highlighted two key problems. First, negotiations relied upon a simplistic approach to communal land tenure that overlooked the complexity of overlapping and often contested access rights. Second, there was an over-reliance on urban professionals and politicians as intermediaries between rural communities and development actors. Even where elite intermediaries act in good faith, they may introduce an ‘oppidan bias’ into development policies, thereby marginalising the viewpoints of non-urban, non-sedentary demographics, such as pastoralists. I conclude with recommendations for the UNHCR to develop a more explicit strategy for direct engagement with host community stakeholders in Turkana and with increased attention to the interests of livestock producers and the nuances of pastoralist land use.

The influence of government support, organizational innovativeness and community participation in renewable energy project success: A case of Pakistan

With increasing worldwide energy demand, many energy-related issues are growing, including global warming, energy sustainability, and environmental pollution. These challenges force nations to actively endorse renewable energy development policies. As a result, numerous renewable energy projects are executed around the globe, which are confronting various hurdles, causing failure for many of the current projects. This study, therefore, aims to suggest that community participation in planning and decision-making is an imperative mediator through which government support (GS) and organizational innovativeness (OI) can positively affect renewable project success. Data was collected through a survey from 650 respondents of the renewable energy projects in Pakistan, and hypotheses were proved by employing structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings show that GS and OI have a significant positive impact on the CP and project success. Moreover, CP was realized to partially mediates these relationships. It is expected that the findings present guidelines for the government authorities so that they endeavor and make better policies for involving the community as a mediator in project planning and decision making for renewable energy projects.

\u201cFrom experts to locals hands\u201d healthcare service planning in sub-Saharan Africa: an insight from the integrated community case management of Ghana

BackgroundAlthough community participation remains an essential component globally in healthcare service planning, evidence of how rural communities participate in the planning of rural-based healthcare programs has less been explored in Sub-Saharan Africa.ObjectiveWe explored communities’ participation in health care planning in hard-to-reach communities, within the context of Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM), a community-based health program implemented in Ghana.MethodsQualitative data were collected from eleven (11) hard-to-reach communities through Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) as well as district-level studies (Nadowli-Kaleo, and WA East districts of Ghana). The Rifkin’s spider-gram, framework, for measuring and evaluating community participation in healthcare planning was adapted for the study.The resultsThe study found that community participation was superficially conducted by the CHOs. A holistic community needs assessment to create awareness, foster a common understanding of health situations, collaboration, acceptance and ownership of the program were indiscernible. Rather, it took the form of an event, expert-led-definition, devoid of coherence to build locals understanding to gain their support as beneficiaries of the program. Consequently, some of the key requirements of the program, such as resource mobilization by rural residents, Community-based monitoring of the program and the act of leadership towards sustainability of the program were not explicitly found in the beneficiaries’ communities.Conclusion and recommendationThe study concludes that there is a need to expand the concept of community involvement in iCCM to facilitate communities’ contribution to their healthcare. Also, a transdisciplinary approach is required for engineering and scaling up community-based health programs, empowering VHCs, CBHVs and CHAs to realize success.

Features of city image formation in the context of European integration

The article identifies the main aspects of strategic planning of the city image. In Ukraine as a democratic country, where the people are the main source of power, strategic planning, in particular in urban planning should be carried out for the people and together with the people. The stages of strategic planning are identified. They represent the relevant tasks, which should be accomplished on the basis of local public, business, and industrial organizations, thus obtaining comprehensive information about their problems and needs. The mechanisms used in the foreign practice of strategic planning are analyzed (on the example of Barcelona (Spain) and Hamburg (Germany). Community participation in strategic planning of Barcelona (Spain) and Hamburg (Germany) demonstrates its important role in Barcelona’s acquisition of the City of the Future Award (2015) and Hamburg’s high 23rd place in the 2010 World Quality of Life Ranking. The paper establishes that the cooperation of cities and society is the ground for the successful strategy; the community is a full participant in strategic planning. The main thing in the development strategy is to reach a consensus between the government-business-residents on a common vision of such development. In Germany, the planning law provides for community participation in all planning processes, and the entire population of the city can participate in the process of resolving issues using the Internet platform. Ensuring community participation in the form of partnership at all stages - both in the development process and in the implementation and monitoring of results will help optimize the process of regulating urban planning in our country.

System Building and Multistakeholder Involvement in Public Participatory Community Planning through Both Collaborative- and Micro-Regeneration

With the continuous development of social governance research and practice, the role of public participation in community planning has received increasing attention. In some developing countries, the public participation methods used in Western countries show a certain degree of inadaptability. The underlying reason for this is the lack of understanding of the related concepts and participation units of public participation and the lack of a scientific public participation system. This study first investigated the fundamental issues of public participation system construction and the definition of a public participation unit in community planning. Then, the micro-renovation of the Zengcuoan community in Xiamen, China, was used as an example to introduce the whole process of constructing a public participation system and an inverted pyramid model of public participation units. Collaborative workshops are a method of community planning that is government-guided and allows for multistakeholder participation and joint consultation. These workshops are mainly led by relevant government departments or social autonomous organizations. They adopt a flexible and diverse approach in response to problems and needs in the process of community construction and development that mobilizes and organizes residents and community organizations to participate in community construction and governance. Collaborative workshops provide new working ideas and practical solutions for participatory community planning in both top-down (government-led) and bottom-up (citizen-led) settings in developing countries.

Northern Québec James Bay Cree Regional Health Governance in Support of Community Participation: Honouring the "Butterfly"

Successful responses to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada's (TRC, 2015) Calls to Action require “joint leadership, trust-building, and transparency” between Canadian public institutions and First Nations. In the area of health and wellness, community participation in priority setting and planning constitutes one important step forward. In 2013, the Québec Cree regional health and social services agency launched a unique wellness planning initiative involving community participation in regional level policy-making. This article reports on a qualitative study conducted with key agency staff, an early component of a broader developmental participatory evaluation. Focusing on contextual challenges to and ways forward on community participation in planning, thematic analysis of 17 semi-structured interviews revealed important nuances between Cree and non-Cree perspectives: These perspectives reflected an empowerment versus a utilitarian view of participation, respectively. Cree Elders consulted on these results highlighted the ontological and epistemological distinction of Cree perspectives, and the importance of bringing these forth. These interpretations point to the relevance of extending cultural safety to institution-level processes bearing on relationships with communities and potentially building capacity for participation.

BUILDING DEMENTIA-FRIENDLY COMMUNITY IN MICHIGAN: THE EXPERIENCES OF BATTLE CREEK

Alzheimer’s disease is now the 6th leading cause of death in Calhoun County – a mostly rural county of 156,000 people in southwest Michigan. In 2017, a cross-sector collaborative launched Dementia Friendly Battle Creek led by CareWell Services Area Agency on Aging. This study focuses on evaluation of the progress and outcomes of this initiative. The goal is to create a community that features high awareness of dementia, coordinated systems of care, and an environment that promotes dignity and engagement of PWD. Using participatory community planning, three Pillars of Impact were developed: Awareness, Coordination, and Environment. More than 500 people have engaged in the effort through trainings, educational programs, expanded supportive services, and the creation of integrated pathways of care for PWD. Additionally, more than $100,000 has been leveraged to support the effort. Challenges included sustaining momentum & gaining buy-in from local municipalities and health care providers.

Implementation of oral health initiatives by Australian rural communities: Factors for success.

In this paper, we consider factors significant in the success of community participation in the implementation of new oral health services. Our analysis draws on data from the Rural Engaging Communities in Oral Health (Rural ECOH) study (2014-2016). We aimed to assess the Australian relevance of a Scottish community participation framework for health service development; Remote Service Futures. Internationally, community participation in planning of health initiatives is common, but less common in new service implementation. Health managers query the legitimacy of "lay" community members, whether they will persist, and whether they can act as change agents. Our data provide evidence that helps answer these queries. Six communities, located within regions covered by two large rural primary healthcare organisations (Medicare Locals), were selected in two Australian states. Two university-based facilitators worked with a group of local residents (for each community) to monitor implementation of new oral health initiatives designed through participatory processes. Data about implementation were collected through interviews with 28 key stakeholders at the beginning of implementation and 12months later. Data were coded, themed and analysed abductively. Five themes emerged; the inter-relationship between community motivation to participate with the fortunes of the oral health initiatives, having the "right" people involved, continuing involvement of sponsors and/or significant people, trusting working relationships between participants and perceiving benefits from participation. Findings provide evidence of a role for community participation in implementing new community services if solid partnerships with relevant providers can be negotiated and services are seen to be relevant and useful to the community.

Assessing Factors Affecting Revenue Management in Public Sector: The Case of Halaba Special Woreda Town Administration Ethiopia (SNNPR)

<em>Revenue management plays a great role for achieving the national objective of any nation which enhances the economic development and social wellbeing of the society. Even though revenue management has paramount importance for achieving the national goal of any nation, developing countries revenue management including, Ethiopia, is affected by a number of factors. The empirical findings of this research indicates that there are a number of factors that affect revenue management such as, Lack of awareness of tax payers, in adequate assessment of taxable sources, lack of clear operational procedures and so on, this research, thus intended to assess factors affecting public sector revenue management in Halaba special woreda Town administration (SNNPR). The specific objectives of the study are to identify the major factor that affect revenue collection, factors taken into consideration for revenue planning and to know the extent of revenue management mechanism help in  revenue management of Halaba special woreda Town administration. Based on that fact, different literatures concerning the issue were reviewed to achieve these objectives; descriptive research method and stratified sampling were employed to gather data. Primary data were collected using semi structured questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussion and observations. Respondents who have participated in the study were employees (366) a sample of 88 were randomly selected from the Town administration of Halaba special woreda and taxpayers (151) a sample of 67 are randomly selected who have registered in the Inland revenue office, the study employed the Inland revenue management committee members (7) for focus group discussion and 4 from 6 Mayor Committee members for interview purposively selected. The total population of the study was 500 and the total sample size was 166. According to the response of the respondents, the factors that affected revenue management of Halaba special woreda Town administration are poor implementation, poor planning, inadequate assessment of taxable sources, lack of required skill, attitudinal problems of revenue officers, inaccurate information of taxpayers, lack of full automation and lack of awareness of taxpayers. Finally, based on the findings, possible recommendations are suggested, these include, widening the town’s revenue sources base, improving planning and implementing capacity, establishing adequate data base systems, raising continuous awareness for taxpayers, institutionalizing standard accounting system that produces timely and reliable information, encouraging community participation in planning and revenue collection and need for designing the reward system.</em>

Constraints of community participation in protected area-based tourism planning: the case of Malawi

ABSTRACTAn approach to tourism development that emphasises the need for community participation in tourism planning is advocated as a pathway to sustainable tourism and poverty alleviation. However, it is argued that the community participation concept originated in the developed world and faces different and context-specific limitations when applied in developing countries. This paper examines the implementation of local community participation in planning associated with ecotourism in protected areas in Malawi. The views of villagers, along with other key stakeholders, including ecotourism operators, protected area management agencies, government departments and non-governmental organisations were investigated through a qualitative study undertaken around the two case-study sites of Liwonde National Park and Majete Wildlife Reserve. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, and was thematically analysed. The findings reveal significant limiting factors affecting community participation in ecotourism planning in Malawi, including: apathy; inadequate financial resources; inadequate information; low education levels; unfair distribution of benefits; lack of trained human resources; a centralised public administration; lack of coordination; and human–wildlife conflicts. The findings indicate the need for both greater advocacy of community participation, and the need to incorporate specific strategies which can facilitate community participation that are tailored to developing country contexts.

Between Planning and Heritage: Cultural Parks and National Heritage Areas

The number of cultural parks and heritage areas is increasing in Europe and the United States. Those are spreading over other areas where the economic sectors related to tourism and leisure gain weight. Heritage areas or parks are heterogeneous initiatives that place cultural heritage at the heart of spatial planning policy and economic development, aiming at the reinvention of large territories and local community participation in planning. Their relevance stems from their potential influence on the territorial configuration of broad regions and their impact upon the articulation of traditional protected areas. Notwithstanding this, they have attracted scant academic attention so far.

Participation of Women in the Third National Fadama Development Programme in Edo State, Nigeria

This study assessed participation of women in the third National Fadama Development Programme (NFDP-III) in Edo State, Nigeria. A sample of 150 women were randomly selected from the Fadama Users Groups (FUGs) drawn from the three zones of the State. A structured questionnaire administered through interview was used to obtain relevant data. Findings show that majority of the women were married, between 51-60years of age, had household size of 5-8 persons, farm size below 1ha, and Fadama farming experience of about 3years. The livelihood activities in which women were mostly involved were crops related (71.1%) with major crops being cassava and plantain followed by processing (47.3%) and marketing (28.7%). The community driven CDD and participatory community planning (PCP) activities highly participated in were needs assessment (mean=2.95), group mobilization (mean=2.81) and preparation of local development plans (mean=2.79). Multiple regression result (R2 =0.464; P < 0.050, F=5.878) indicates that only farm size (b=-1.151) and Fadama experience (b=1.208) were significantly associated with participation in FUGs activities. Women should be encouraged by the extension service to participate more in empowerment programmes of this nature which has the potential to graduate small holders to higher level with time.

Level of health extension service utilization and associated factors among community in Abuna Gindeberet District, West Shoa Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.

BackgroundIn Ethiopia, children and mothers have been facing several health problems due to poor access to modern health care facilities and lack of effective demand to utilize the available ones. In response to this, the Ethiopian government initiated the health extension program in 2003 to improve equity in access to preventive, promotive and selected curative health interventions through health extension program. However, the level of health extension service utilization is not known. Therefore, this study presents the level of health extension service utilization and associated factors.MethodsA community based cross sectional study was carried out from February to March 2012. Data was collected through face-to-face interview by using pretested structured questionnaires adopted from review of different related literatures and entered in to EPI Info version 3.5.1. Bivariate analysis between dependent and independent variables was performed. Multivariate analysis was also done to control for possible confounding variable by selecting variable which show statistically significant association (P < 0.2) in bivariate analyses to identify independent predictor factors.ResultsThe proportion of community utilization of health extension service was 39%. Age (AOR = 2.52; 95% CI = 1.53-4.15), occupation (AOR = 3.79; 95% CI = 1.64-12.5), knowledge of community on health extension service (AOR = 0.25; 95% CI = 0.18-0.36), community participation in planning of health extension activities (AOR = 0.22; 95% CI = 0.15-0.33) and graduation of model family (AOR = 0.74; 95% CI = 0.47-0.76) have statistically significant association with community health extension services utilization.ConclusionsThe proportion of community utilization of health extension service was low. Age, occupation, knowledge of community on health extension service, community participation in planning of health extension activities and graduation of model family were identified as the independent factors affecting the community’s utilization of health extension services.